Mergers and Acquisitions: American Airlines Merges With Rival US Airways Essay

Effective organizations in business are continually looking for changed approaches to improve their situation in their particular regions of activity. Mergers and acquisitions have been demonstrated to be an approach to do only that. A merger is essentially characterized as two organizations joining to make another organization, while a securing happens when one organization inside and out buys another organization. Mergers and Acquisitions are considered as the significant development technique for organizations to fulfill the expanding requests of different partners (Krishnamurti and Vishwanath, 2010). Why Merge? AMR Corporation, the parent organization of American Airlines, declared designs to converge with US Airways Group in February, 2013. This came after the company had recently petitioned for Chapter 11 liquidation security in November 2011. (Isidore, Chris) The subsequent merger made the biggest carrier on the planet. The organizations formally shaped the new American Airlines Group Inc. on December 9, 2013. (Air Transport World, Jan 2014) Doug Parker, beforehand the CEO of US Airways, and now CEO of the new American, expressed: â€Å"We are taking the best of both US Airways and American Airlines to make a considerable contender, better situated to convey for the entirety of our partners. We anticipate incorporating our organizations rapidly and productively so the huge advantages of the merger can be realized.† (Air Transport World, Jan 2014) That announcement demonstrates that the merger was shaped for two reasons: cash, and force. The two organizations were losing in the traveler air transportation field to different organizations that had as of late consolidated. Consolidating would permit the two organizations to grow their assets and gather courses and terminals into a single unit that were recently held to each independently preceding the blend. US Airways bringsâ access to littler US urban areas, while American Airlines has an enormous nearness universally, especially London and Latin America (What the American Airlines/US Airways Merger Will Mean for You, 2013). American Airlines indicated the need and requirement for cash after it nearly crumbled in chapter 11. The merger of the two organizations was a case of an even joining. This is characterized by Investopedia.com as a merger or procurement of extra business exercises on a similar degree of the worth chain in comparative or various enterprises, and can be ac complished by inner or outside development. The carrier business has changed radically over the previous decade with mergers of pretty much every significant aircraft: Delta and Northwest; United and Continental; and Southwest and AirTran. These mergers made another scene in which the tables were inclined against both US Airways and American Airlines. It was a need that the two unite so as to remain be serious and remain above water against the other as of late shaped super carriers. Those mergers additionally made an open door for income development in the ticket evaluating field. The cost of a household ticket to go full circle costs has climbed about 15% since 2009 because of expansion. The merger will enable American and US Airways to build passages with the expansion of the two organizations previous courses and terminals. What were the huge impacts of the merger? So as to be a triumph, a merger must give all gatherings included some huge increment in advantage. This merger isn't excluded from that announcement. Dailyfinance.com (2013) states that a key explanation behind the merger among American and US Airways is to interface both airlines’ systems, making a framework comparable to Delta Air Lines and United. The mix of the two outcomes in excess of 6,700 every day trips to 336 goals in 56 nations. This system will permit travelers to fly the world over without the need to make the regularly debilitating associations that they were exposed to pre-merger. The merger additionally made a moment increment in stock costs. Portions of the consolidated organization rose 2.7%. This in itself is a decent beginning for an organization in the post-chapter 11 period. The rebuilding and blending will reimburse AMR’s lenders with intrigue and give its associations and regular holders a huge portion of value in the new organization. (Susan Ca rey and Jack Nicas, 2013) Coming about Organizational Structure of the Post-Merger Company By consolidating two beforehand completely operational organizations, the hierarchical structure will be progressively mind boggling, at any rate, than it was previously. Because of the merger, American Airlines Group, Inc. presently has consolidated workforce of 110,000 individuals close by an armada of 1,511 airplane (Bohemer, 2013). Arranging such a huge workforce makes a test that requires a pioneer equipped for taking care of that task. The organization is presently lead by Chief Executive Officer W. Douglas Parker, the previous CEO and administrator of US Airways. Parker has demonstrated authority capacity, managing the merger of US Airways and America West Airlines in 2005. He likewise administered the organization during a period of record income development and expanded net revenues. Active CEO Tom Horton was in that position from 2011 through 2013, driving the organization through the merger before giving co ntrol over to Parker. Parker seems to have an edge on driving and group building, having experiencing a carrier merger beforehand. His capacity to build benefit and friends riches settles on him the undeniable decision to lead the new organization. Despite the fact that the merger has gotten last, the two organizations will even now work as discrete substances for a long time to come. This will permit the organizations more opportunity to assemble the huge structure and settle on appropriate choices to guarantee for smooth tasks later on. They profit by not being the principal aircrafts of their sizes to make this progress, as the mergers of Delta and Northwest and United and Continental have kind of made a way of what should be done so as to be an effective merger. The structure joined workers from the two aircrafts, which manufactures solidarity and shows that the organization is focused on pushing ahead together, not simply to come in and dominate. This is a decent method that more organizations ought to embrace. Alongside the physical structure change of the new American Airlines Group, there will likewise be changes that influence the buyers. Preferred customer credits will have the option to be utilized reciprocally with either American Airlines or US Airways flights. Clients will be permitted to accumulate mileage from either carriers. AA.com (n.d.) records a few advantages that AAdvantage individuals will be managed with US Airlines, and the other way around. There are likewise entryway changes that influence clients and workers, as observed with the end of US Airways Pittsburgh Terminal. In a meeting with the Pittsburgh Post Gazette, Spokesman Todd Lehmacher said â€Å"US Airways says the greater part of the 600 representatives at the Pittsburgh community will be given the choice toâ relocate to Texas, however it recognized it doesn’t anticipate that every one of them should do as such. The individuals who decide d not to go will be given a severance package.†(Mutzabaugh, 2014) Having lived in the Pittsburgh region for quite a long time, very a couple of miles of the air terminal, I realize that the pullback will enormously influence the nearby economy. HR Management Practices Whenever you consolidate two separate organizations into one, there will be contrasts to resolve. Corporate culture will without a doubt be one of the numerous Human asset challenges that the merger should survive. Hierarchical social contrasts have been contrarily connected with different bookkeeping measures and securities exchange esteem following household M&As. (Webber and Drori, 2011) Being that the organizations have comparable obligations and duties, it ought not be too hard to even think about working through these issues. There might be past practices at each organization that should be balanced so as to make the change smooth. Combining additionally introduced the chance to expand worker pay and support agreement, which would be in accordance with the other huge carriers. With the normal expanded income, there would be more assets to share among the representatives and investors. In the background gatherings, Parker furtively arranged arrangements with American’ s three primary associations, making â€Å"provisional contracts† that would give American’s laborers much better compensation and work rules. (Tully, 2013) These exchanges gave the union’s motivation to get tied up with and advance the merger. End While the merger between these two carrier mammoths didn't abandon hiccup, they were in a superior situation to make the change because of a need to by American Airlines and a need to by US Airways. American seems, by all accounts, to be the champ of the merger by coming out of chapter 11, keeping up their organization, and growing their courses and terminals. The merger was concluded on December 9, 2013 References Krishnamurti, C., and Vishwanath, S. R. (2010). Mergers, Acquisitions, and Corporate Restructuring. South Asian Journal of Management, 17(2), 169-171. American Airlines, US Airways close merger to make world’s biggest aircraft. (2014). Air Transport World, 51(1), 8. Boehmer, J. (2013). Merger Planning Underway As American, US Airways Embark On Long Journey. Business Travel News, 30(7), 28. What the American Airlines/US Airways Merger Will Mean For You. (2013, November 12). Every day Finance. Recovered from http://www.dailyfinance.com/2013/12/12/us-aviation routes american-carriers merger-purchaser sway American Airlines, US Airways Complete Merger (2013.). The Wall Street Journal. Recovered from http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/W. Douglas Parker. (n.d.). US Airways. Recovered from http://www.usairways.com/EN-US/ABOUTUS/PRESSROOM/BIOS/PARKER.HTML Weber, Y., and Drori, I. (2011). Incorporating Organizational and Human Behavior Perspectives on Mergers and Acquisitions. Universal Studies of Management and Organization, 41(3), 76-95. Tully, S. (2013, March 18). Inside the World’s Biggest Airline Merger. Fortune, 167, 169.

Types of Budget Free Essays

History of Indian Budget India’s first Finance Minister Sir R. K. Shanmugham Chetty, introduced the principal Finance Budget of free India on November 26, 1947. We will compose a custom paper test on Sorts of Budget or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now From that point forward, 28 differentUnion Finance Ministers have been introducing the spending quite a long time after year. At first, significant consideration was paid towards the horticulture area however as the economy developed, the center moved from agribusiness to different parts like mechanical, money related and so on. During the early the fifties, Indian spending features spun around the open segment and open money and thus, in those days †tax assessment, expansion, open reserve funds and so on were tremendously discussed themes. This pattern proceeded till the account financial plan 1985-86. The adjustment in the methodology started with Mr. Manmohan Singh who filled in as the Union Finance Minister under the administration of Mr. P. V. Narsimha Rao. Mr. Singh was instrumental in headstarting the new period of financial progression. He diminished the control of Government over open division units through disinvestment. The progression procedure which he began a long time back is despite everything followed and is found in interval financial plan and Indianâ budgetâ announcementsâ every year. This year additionally live association financial plan 2011 will be declared by Pranab Mukherjee. Realities Bite * First Finance Minister: Shanmugham Chetty * Number of Finance Minister Since Independence: 28 * Maximum Number of Budgets Presented by: Morarji Desai * Economic Liberalization Started by: Mr. Manmohan Singh ( Finance Minister 1991) * Current Finance Minister: Mr. P. Chidambaram Explain the various kinds of spending plans in detail, with the assistance of reasonable models. In each business arranging is the most significant capacity to perform. Arranging of various firms relies on such a significant number of variables. Arranging is accomplished for contrasting the genuine exhibition and standard execution. Spending plans are likewise arranged ahead of time. Spending plans are set up to check the accessibility of account as per the interest of task. So budgetary control is additionally fundamental instrument of the board to control cost and augments benefits. Which means of spending plan: A financial plan is a detail plan of activities for a particular timeframe. In the current time everybody is with the term financial plan since it fundamental throughout everyday life. A spending plan is set up for the successful usage of assets, which will help in accomplishing the set targets. Financial plans are additionally significant in singular life, as it is significant in business firms. Coming up next are the basic of spending plan: (an) It is set up ahead of time and depends on tentative arrangement of activity. (b) It identifies with a future period and depends on destinations to be accomplished. (c) It is an announcement communicated in fiscal or physical unit arranged for the definition of strategy. Sorts of financial plans. 1. Practical premise of spending plans. a. Deals spending plan: Sales financial plan is the essential financial plan. It is the most significant financial plan to get ready and different spending plans are set up based on deals spending plan. In this spending plan the in control or master conjecture the future anticipated deals of the firm. The project supervisor is liable for the exactness of the spending plan. The business spending plans may get ready on premise of item, sort of clients, sales rep, territory and so on for the planning of deals financial plan the accompanying things ought to be take under consideration like past deals, sales rep gauges, plant limit, crude material, arranges close by, occasional vacillations, rivalry and so forth. Utilizations: Sales spending plan is the most significant financial plan while making the general financial plan for the association for a monetary year. It is significant in this feeling how might anyone make monetary spending plan for association in the event that he don’t think about the amount to deal or what are the organization’s deal would be. On the off chance that you know the business volume of units of item you need to deal in a monetary year then you will make creation financial plan as indicated by that business prerequisite as a primary concern you will have creation data as a top priority you will buy crude material, recruit work as indicated by necessities. So on the off chance that you don’t think about the amount you need to deal, at that point how might you financial plan different things and how might you look at your presentation toward the finish of monetary year. . Creation spending plan: After getting ready deals financial plan the following spending will be creation spending plan. In this spending works administrator get ready calendar of creation by breaking enormous creation in little un its to satisfy the objective creation. An appropriately worked financial plans prompts stock control, improved support of creation calendars and creation targets. Assume, if the evaluated opening stock is 5000 units and assessed deals are 25000 units and shutting load of the item is 3000 units the evaluated creation will be 25000 + 3000 †5000 =23000 units (deals + shutting stock †opening stock). Utilizations: A creation financial plan is a bookkeeping strategy used to both record and propose fabricating flexibly costs. Keeping a sorted out creation spending plan guarantees that the gracefully of crude materials to the creation line proceeds with continuous and fulfills buyer need. Keeping up a point by point post-buying creation spending plan additionally assists with representing material misfortunes because of shrinkage. b. Material spending plan: In the creation spending material is the principal prerequisite to be thought of. Materials are fundamentally isolated into two classes as immediate and roundabout material. It incorporates the planning of evaluations of various sorts of the crude material required for different items and buying crude material in required number at a necessary time. There are scarcely any variables which ought to be taken under consideration like prerequisite of crude material; company’s loading strategies, value pattern, and cost of crude material. Utilizations: Schedule indicating how much material will be required for creation and how much material must be purchased to meet this creation prerequisite. The buy relies upon both expected use of materials and stock levels. For instance, accept anticipated creation of 790 units, 3 lbs. of material required per unit, wanted completion stock of material 216 lbs. , starting stock of material 237 lbs. , and unit cost per lb. of $2. At that point lbs. of material to be bought and buy cost follow: Labor financial plan: work is a significant factor in each creation association. Work assumes a significant job in changing over crude material into completed item. The work prerequisite spending plans arranged on premise of creation financial plan. Work might be of two sorts immediate and backhanded work. In this spending organization needs to financial plan the necessary number of hours and the normal compensation sizes of the representatives. This spending gives data about staff details for the activity for which laborers are to be selected, the level of expertise and experience required and paces of pay. Utilizations: The immediate work spending plan is normally introduced in either a month to month or quarterly organization. The fundamental computation utilized by the immediate work financial plan is to import the quantity of units of creation from the creation spending plan, and to increase this by the standard number of work hours for every unit. This yields a subtotal of the immediate work hours expected to meet the creation target. You can likewise add more hours to represent creation wasteful aspects, which builds the measure of direct work hours. At that point increase the all out number of direct work hours by the fullyâ burdenedâ direct work cost every hour, to show up at the complete expense of direct work. e. Assembling Overhead financial plans: this spending gives the works overhead costs to be acquired in a spending period to accomplish the creation target. The expense of backhanded material, aberrant work and so on can be determined with the assistance of this financial plan. For causing appropriate control it to can be partitioned into departmental overhead financial plan. Variable costs are assessed based on the planned yield in light of the fact that these costs will undoubtedly change with the adjustment in yield. Utilizations: The assembling overhead spending show the normal assembling over head costs for the spending time frame. The spending plan recognizes variable and fixed overhead expenses. Organizations change with creation volume based on the accompanying rates per direct work hour: circuitous materials $1. 00, aberrant work $1. 0, utilities $0. 40, and upkeep $0. 20. Hence, for 6,200 direct work hours planned circuitous materials are $6,200 (6,200 x $1), and planned aberrant work is $8,680 (6,200 x $1. 40). The organization perceives that some support is fixed. The sums announced for fixed expense are expected. f. Organization Expenses spending plan: The spending covers the costs caused in encircling strategies, coordinating the association a nd controlling the business activities. In financial plan a gauge of costs is readied with respect to focal office and of the executives pay rates. The financial plan might be set up at division level for viability in planning framework. The financial plan can be set up with the past experience and foreseen changes. Utilizations: The selling and managerial cost financial plan is contained the spending plans of all non-producing offices, for example, the business, advertising, bookkeeping, designing, and offices. In total, this financial plan can equal the size of theâ production spending plan, as is deserving of significant consideration. The selling and regulatory cost spending plan is regularly introduced in either a month to month or quarterly organization. It might likewise be separated into sections for a different deals and showcasing spending plan and a different organization financial plan. G. Selling and Distribution spending plans: This cost is identified with the selling and circulation of material. In this spending specialists need to get ready for the normal selling and dispersion costs of the firm. Certain things of selling and dissemination costs as cost of transportation, sales rep pay rates and so forth. Utilizations: The selling and regulatory cost financial plan is involved the spending plans of all non-

What Makes You Tick

What Makes You Tick Seeing all the parents converge on MIT campus for Family Weekend reminded me of my parents, who are one continent and one ocean away. So, on a side note, really take the time to appreciate your parents while youre still with them. This is especially true for all you high school seniors who are leaving for college a year from now. Your parents might be nagging at you about your SAT scores now and theres still technically one year left before you have to say goodbye, but theyll be gone before you know it (really.) Anyways, all this reminded me of all you Early Action applicants, who are probably cranking out application essays, having interviews, and/or worrying whether your SAT scores are high enough right now (or, at least, I hope you are just not the worrying part). Therefore, I decided to tell you my ED story. Last year, around this same time, I was pretty much in your shoes. Ive identified a college that I was very passionate about way back in August, and knew I wanted to ED it, no questions asked. I was done with the testing and other requirements fairly early, so I spent the majority of my time re-reading and re-examining my applications (while wondering why in the world my interviewer hasnt bothered to call me yet). I wrote out my essays, I polished them, and I fine-tuned them to a point that I was able to recite it backwards (Im serious). I had several of my teachers read over my essays, and I actually wrote 13 drafts for my main essay. This is like a world record for me, since I am basically the master of churning out pointless fluff insightful essays for AP testing. Simply, I just hate writing multiple drafts for a single essay. Predictably, l became paranoid about my application very quickly. I wanted it to be totally perfect. 100% perfect not 99%, or even 99.99% 100. At one point, I actually went online and searched for the right orientation of stapling pieces of paper together (the staple should ideally make a 45 degree angle to the left side of the paper, so its basically slanted, sloping up to the right) because I didnt think I should staple my papers together recklessly (afterwards, I discovered that its generally not a good idea to staple any part of your college application, actually. Many colleges scan additional sheets of paper that come in, and staples are a huge hassle.). When I clicked submit online 2 hours before the deadline, I felt I had the complete package. I had the stats, I had the essays, I had the recs I am going to college. A month and a half later, I was shocked when I received a deferral letter in the mail and this is not due to blind confidence either, as I really felt that my application was strong enough in terms of academic merit to get into the college I was applying to. I started asking myself these questions were my SAT scores not high enough? Did I not do enough activities? Was my essay too boring? Finding no answers to my queries, I plunged myself headfirst into Regular Action applications. Not to sound corny, but it was after doing the MIT application that I realized what was wrong in my Early application. I was trying too hard to be different. I was trying too hard to be the person that adcoms like. I wasnt being myself. I re-read my Early application, and I realized that I sounded like a cookie-cutter student that was trying too hard to flaunt his academic abilities. I was trying hard to impress, trying hard to be unique, but I hardly recognized the person that the application tried to convey. Realizing this, I completely took out the 13-draft essay that took me three solid weeks of revision and wrote an essay on the same topic, using the tone I liked and the angle I wanted to convey it from, not the tone and the angle that my teachers had suggested. After proofreading it carefully for grammatical errors multiple times, I sent it in without consulting another adult. I wanted this new essay to be mine, I wanted it to be from myself not from my GC, not from my teachers. The biggest piece of advice I want to give you guys as you guys approach not only the EA application, but all the future applications that you might encounter is to just be yourself in whatever you do. When you write your essay, dont write with a specific audience in mind. Dont say the things that you think the admissions officers want to hear. When you do the interview, dont try to second-guess your interviewers questions and remarks. When you describe your activities, convey your true passions. Dont say that you totally loved Student Government when you hated all the lunch meetings, and dont be shy to share the ups and downs in your life even if it may be something as simple as loving the fresh smell of grass after a spring rain. These things are what makes you different from the thousands of people applying to the same school as you are. Its not just about the four digits in your SAT score or the numbers after the decimal point in your GPA. Even a robot can be trained to take tes ts or do algebra, but what is it that makes you different from a test-taking machine? Quite simply, what tickles your heart and motivates you to overcome the challenges that youve faced in your life? I wish you guys the best of luck in your college application experience. And for those really committed to coming here, I hope MIT is a wonderful fit for you :) Im still discovering reasons to love MIT each day. Take a look: Amazing Guest Lecturers Dr. Harish Hande is a pioneer in bringing light and electricity to rural locations in India through affordable solar panel systems. iHouse had the honor of inviting him to dinner and learning about his developmental solutions for underprivileged countries. Diverse Talents Last Saturday I went with my friends to Sigma Kappas Late Night an annual charity talent show hosted by the sorority to promote research for Alzheimers Disease and saw some really amazing acts One of the most incredible things about MIT is the wealth of talents that is represented in the student body. Everyone comes here with a story to share, and it is very rewarding to discover the stories of your fellow peers. We may hail from the different corners of the world, but we are all connected by a love of learning and a deep conviction for our passions be it playing the guitar, acting in a circus, or inventing robots. Explore the stories of those people around you you will be pleasantly surprised (I still am, almost on a day-to-day basis). Unity MIT is United. We may be taking classes from Course 1 to Course 24, but we are never too busy to help the person beside us in a pset that dragged on for too long or help him study for a test that seems too difficult. I went on a retreat with my fraternity, SigEp, last weekend, and we played this game in which the objective is to lower a stick propped up by the index fingers of all the players to the ground, with the catch that no one can lose contact of the stick in the process. A couple of days after we returned from the retreat, some of the older brothers volunteered to host a study session for the froshies in anticipation for the 8.01 midterm. It is interesting to note that one of the key points in the Helium Stick activity is to constantly look out for one another, especially the people who are about to lose contact with the stick. In the same way, the people at MIT offering help to one another is in tune with the same spirit. Im not referring to just my fraternity brothers offering to prep me in 8.01, but also the guy in my 18.02 recitation that patiently explained the concept of directional vectors to me, the girl that offered to sub in for my SAT class when I have to be gone for the SigEp retreatthe list goes on and on. Anyways, this entry could quite viably be two entries, so I think I will pause here. Before I sign off though, check out this cool picture from our retreat and some excellent food. So best wishes from George 10 and me to all the Early applicants! Share your stories, explore your options, and dare to dream. George and I have every confidence in you. Right, George? Right. Heres to you all. Cheers!

Definition of Sfumato Art History Glossary

Sfumato (pronounced sfoo ·mah ·toe) is the word art historians use to describe a painting technique taken to dizzying heights by the Italian Renaissance polymath Leonardo da Vinci. The visual result of the technique is that there are no harsh outlines present (as in a coloring book). Instead, areas of dark and light blend into one another through miniscule brushstrokes, making for a rather hazy, albeit more realistic, depiction of light and color. The word sfumato means shaded, and it is the past participle of the Italian verb sfumare or shade. Fumare means smoke in Italian, and the combination of smoke and shade perfectly describes the barely perceptible gradation of tones and colors of the technique from light to dark, particularly used in flesh tones. An early, wonderful example of sfumato can be seen in Leonardos Mona Lisa. Inventing the Technique According to the art historian Giorgio Vasari (1511–1574), the technique was first invented by the Primitive Flemish school, including perhaps Jan Van Eyck and Rogier Van Der Weyden. Da Vincis first work incorporating sfumato is known as the Madonna of the Rocks, a triptych designed for the chapel in San Francesco Grande, painted between 1483 and 1485. Madonna of the Rocks was commissioned by the Franciscan Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception which, at the time, was still the object of some controversy. The Franciscans believed that the Virgin Mary was conceived immaculately (without sex); the Dominicans argued that would deny the need for Christs universal redemption of mankind. The contracted painting needed to show Mary as crowned in the living light and free from shadow, reflecting the plenitude of grace while humanity functioned in the orbit of the shadow. The final painting included a cave backdrop, which art historian Edward Olszewski says helped to define and signify Marys immaculacy—expressed by the sfumato technique applied to her face as emerging from the shadow of sin. Layers and Layers of Glazes Art historians have suggested that the technique was created by the careful application of multiple translucent layers of paint layers. In 2008, physicists Mady Elias and Pascal Cotte used a spectral technique to (virtually) strip away the thick layer of varnish from the Mona Lisa. Using a multi-spectral camera, they found that the sfumato effect was created by layers of a single pigment combining 1 percent vermillion and 99 percent lead white. Quantitative research was conducted by de Viguerie and colleagues (2010) using non-invasive advanced X-ray fluorescence spectrometry on nine faces painted by or attributed to da Vinci. Their results suggest that he constantly revised and improved the technique, culminating in the Mona Lisa. In his later paintings, da Vinci developed translucent glazes from an organic medium and laid them on the canvases in very thin films, some of which were only a micron (.00004 inches) in scale. Direct optical microscopy has shown that da Vinci achieved flesh tones by superimposing four layers: a priming layer of lead white; a pink layer of mixed lead white, vermillion, and earth; a shadow layer made with a translucent glaze with some opaque paint with dark pigments; and a varnish.  The thickness of each colored layer was found to range between 10-50 microns. A Patient Art The de Viguerie study identified those glazes on the faces of four of Leonardos paintings: Mona Lisa, Saint John the Baptist, Bacchus, and Saint Anne, the Virgin, and the Child. Glaze thicknesses increase on the faces from a few micrometers in the light areas to 30–55 microns in the dark areas, which are made of up to 20–30 distinct layers. The thickness of the paint on da Vincis canvases—not counting the varnish—is never more than 80 microns. That on St. John the Baptist is under 50. But those layers must have been laid down in a slow and deliberate fashion. The drying time between layers may have lasted from several days to several months, depending on the amount of resin and oil that was used in the glaze. That might well explain why da Vincis Mona Lisa took four years, and it was still not completed at da Vincis death in 1915. Sources: de Viguerie L, Walter P, Laval E, Mottin B, and Solà © VA. 2010. Revealing the sfumato Technique of Leonardo da Vinci by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 49(35):6125-6128.Elias M, and Cotte P. 2008. Multispectral camera and radiative transfer equation used to depict Leonardos sfumato in Mona Lisa. Applied Optics 47(12):2146-2154.Olszewski EJ. 2011. How Leonardo invented sfumato. Source: Notes in the History of Art 31(1):4-9.Queiros-Conde D. 2004. The Turbulent Structure of Sfumato within Mona Lisa. Leonardo 37(3):223-228.

Pros and Cons of a Dry Campus - 809 Words

Every year, universities always have the same issue regarding alcohol. Students are constantly getting in trouble for possession or consumption. Here at Eastern Connecticut State University, the policy is a dry campus. This means that alcohol is completely prohibited on campus. There are many opinions when it comes to this choice, as there are also many pros and cons to it. One pro of having a dry campus is that students can find other events to go to. Eastern often offers other events where students can do and socialize, promoting a night without alcohol. Students can also join clubs, intramurals, sports, etc. All of these clubs and events offer a positive influence on the students by keeping them busy. According to a friend and†¦show more content†¦We are making these choices; therefore we should learn to live with the consequences. Personally, I feel that although all these deaths and injuries that occur because of alcohol, is actually the person. Yes there are more alcoh ol related incidents for college students, but that’s also because these students have no self-control and are not responsible for what they are doing. However, it’s not just happening in college. It’s happening everywhere, regardless of location. I do believe, however, that students who are underage should get punished when caught because they are breaking a law, not just a rule. In conclusion, I am not completely sure whether or not it is better to have dry campus. There are a lot of cons but there are also a lot of pros to it too. I think that it depends on the students and geography of theShow MoreRelatedSolar Panel Pros And Cons986 Words   |  4 PagesSolar Panel Pros and Cons Solar energy is the energy from the sun. It uses sunlight to produce electricity. These panels are usually installed on the roof and positioned to face the sun. 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Should Public High School Students Have Access to “The Kite Runner”‘s Content Free Essays

Should Public High School students have access to â€Å"The Kite Runner†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœs content? Khaled Hosseni’s famous novel, â€Å"The Kite Runner† is one of the most popular books of the decade. It is #1 New York Bestseller with sold more than 10 million copies. Even though the book has immense popularity, the book is banned in several countries including Afghanistan, Hosseni’s mother land because of its sexual orientation and the use of vulgar language. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Public High School Students Have Access to â€Å"The Kite Runner†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœs Content or any similar topic only for you Order Now The government believes the novel will outrage the Afghan community and may lead to chaotic situation. Even though some advocates of banning the novel for education curriculum may argue that, the book contains rapes in graphic detail, the use of vulgar language, offensive language and ethnic tensions, these romantic critics are too dogmatic in their provincial ideology. Hosseni’s novel, â€Å"The Kite Runner† shouldn’t be banned from high school students because of its teaching about loyalty, forgiveness, sacrifice and also provides an insight of real world alongside its immense popularity. Khaled Hosseni’s best-seller book, â€Å"The Kite Runner† shouldn’t be banned from high school curriculum. The book demonstrates different incidents which provide important lessons for the reader through its quotes. For example, when Amir talked about sin, Baba said, â€Å"No matter what the mullah teaches, there is only one sin, only one. And that is theft† (Hosseni, 17). Baba believed stealing is the only sin a person can commit; other crimes are just different form of crime. This demonstrates the discouragement of vice, exists in the novel, which has great impact on reader’s mind. Additionally, the book provides a depth insight of the real world. It demonstrates the depravity of the war, the importance of kinship and also encourages people to stand up for the truth and demolish the false. So that’s why the book shouldn’t be banned. On the other hand, the opponents of the idea argue to deny the access of book to public high school students for various reasons. The book contains a sodomy rape scene in graphic detail which is arguably inappropriate for high school students. †(Green, Tracy. It’s Banned Book of the Week? Why Kite Runner? www. authorexposure. com . Sept 30, 2009. Web. April 13, 2013. http://www. authorexposure. com/2009/09/its-banned-book-week-why-kite-runner. html) As Assef tries to teach Hassan a lesson, â€Å"Assef knelt behind Hassan, put his hand on Hassan’s hips and lifted his bare buttocks. He k ept one hand on Hassan’s back and undid his own belt buckle with his free hand. He unzipped How to cite Should Public High School Students Have Access to â€Å"The Kite Runner†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœs Content, Essays

Lamb to the Slaughter vs Speckled Band Essay Thesis Example For Students

Lamb to the Slaughter vs Speckled Band Essay Thesis The murder mystery genre was first recognised as a major genre during the 19th century. Pioneers of this genre include the Norwegian writer Mauritz Hansen as his novel The murder of machine operator Rolfsen, published in 1839 is considered to be the earliest known novel of this genre. Another pioneer of the genre includes Edgar Allan Poe. Many of the conventions associated with the murder mystery genre prior to Doyle arriving onto the murder mystery scene, would have been invented by Hansen and Poe and would have influenced Doyle in his stories (Its fairly well known that Doyle was a very keen reader of Poes works). However, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, unlike Hansen or Poe, is believed to have popularised the genre with his Sherlock Holmes stories. There are various conventions associated with the genre. The most well known conventions of this genre include: a typically vulnerable female victim, the use of a sinister weapon for the murder, dark and horrific setting(s) for the scene of the crime(s). Other conventions of this genre include the motives behind the murder(s) generally being of vengeance, jealousy or financial gain. Yet another convention is the method used to kill the victim: poison, strangulation, stabbing, gunshot. There are conventions also in the way the crimes are uncovered and solved: the crimes were typically solved by a detective who is sharp, intellectual and fervent about their job; never failing to inspect even the most diminutive details. Another conventions attached to this genre is the author using fairly vague but convincing details, clues to mislead the readers (red-herrings) and of course the perpetrator eventually being brought to justice. In Lamb to the Slaughter Dahl subverts the conventions of the genre from the very first beginning as he names the book Lamb to the Slaughter; giving the reader an impression that something rather sinister is going to take place or that an innocent lamb is going to be lead to the slaughter. The title however juxtaposes with the beginning of the story; setting a very inviting and clean atmosphere for the crime scene instead of the conventionally dark and gloomy setting. Dahl also subverts the conventions by being meticulously detailed about simple, everyday objects, surroundings and actions e.g. instead of mentioning that Mr. Maloney drank the whiskey, Dahl gives particular attention to the fact that he unusually drained half of the drink in one go.  This builds tension by making Mr. Maloney look like the to be perpetrator; describing his actions an ominous slant prior to revealing the plaintive news to his wife, e.g. keeping his head down to avoid light hitting the lower part of his face and the slight twitch in the corner of his left eye. This also builds tension as it makes Mr. Maloney look villainous and creating anticipation within the reader for the crime to take place. Here onwards Dahl simply writes about Mrs. Maloneys feelings to the lamenting news revealed by her husband. This was done to ease the tension and for the readers to sympathise and understand her before they find out about the real perpetrator.  However, tensions start rising again in the paragraph that contains a mere four words; A leg of lamb. This sentence is left alone as a paragraph to help the readers realise the fact that this is the point where the titles meaning is going to be revealed (this builds up tensions amongst the readers making them anxious to know what takes place next). Dahl cleverly gets across the message that Mrs. Maloneys act of violence was unplanned in a few different ways. Firstly, as the narrator he ridicules her choice of weapon (the leg of lamb) saying: She might just as well have hit him with the steel club. Secondly he uses dialogue to further the point that it was unplanned; All right, so Ive killed him. Thirdly Dahl points out the fact that she rehearsed what to say to the grocer several times (something that isnt required if the murder was planned).  Another convention that gets subverted is that the murderer (Mary Maloney) calls the police herself. She also knows most of the policemen that came that night to investigate the crime scene and affectionately calls the Sergeant (Jack Noonan) by his name, instead of calling him Sergeant. Also worth noting is the fact that the investigators (detectives) know the murderer and the victim. .u40893de83a0a987da2d6a20371f97b00 , .u40893de83a0a987da2d6a20371f97b00 .postImageUrl , .u40893de83a0a987da2d6a20371f97b00 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u40893de83a0a987da2d6a20371f97b00 , .u40893de83a0a987da2d6a20371f97b00:hover , .u40893de83a0a987da2d6a20371f97b00:visited , .u40893de83a0a987da2d6a20371f97b00:active { border:0!important; } .u40893de83a0a987da2d6a20371f97b00 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u40893de83a0a987da2d6a20371f97b00 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u40893de83a0a987da2d6a20371f97b00:active , .u40893de83a0a987da2d6a20371f97b00:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u40893de83a0a987da2d6a20371f97b00 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u40893de83a0a987da2d6a20371f97b00 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u40893de83a0a987da2d6a20371f97b00 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u40893de83a0a987da2d6a20371f97b00 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u40893de83a0a987da2d6a20371f97b00:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u40893de83a0a987da2d6a20371f97b00 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u40893de83a0a987da2d6a20371f97b00 .u40893de83a0a987da2d6a20371f97b00-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u40893de83a0a987da2d6a20371f97b00:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Personal Experience In The Arts EssayYet another convention that gets broken is the fact that all the policeman are extremely kind towards Mary Maloney and after arriving on the scene, rule out her involvement in the murder completely, not something a dedicated but emotionless detective would do. They are also later found to be negligent when it came to their work guidelines i.e. consuming alcoholic drinks.  Peculiarly the police officers dont bother asking her to go vacate the house to some other place instead to search the property. They also failed to decline Mary Maloneys request of eating up the lamb.